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Prologue: The Land of Sinim

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Chapter 1: First Light in Canton

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Carey, William. An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens. Leicester: Ann Ireland, 1792.

The Chinese Repository 1, no. 1 (May 1832). Canton.

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Morrison, Robert. Anglo-Chinese College Deed (original). [March 1820]. Council for World Mission Archive. School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) Library Special Collections, University of London. GB 102 CWM/LMS/20/03/01/13. Transcript via SOAS Digital Collections. (Retrieved at https://digital.soas.ac.uk/documents/mirador/1259794)

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Lee, Archie C. C. “Revisiting the Bible Translation of Robert Morrison and William Milne.” Studies in World Christianity 27, no. 3 (2021): 301–318. doi:10.3366/swc.2021.0354.

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McNeur, George Hunter. 梁發傳 (Liáng Fā zhuàn, “China’s First Preacher, Liang A-fa”). Translated by Hu Zanyun (胡簪雲). With Liang Fa’s 勸世良言 (Quànshì Liángyán) appended. 2nd ed. Hong Kong: Council on Christian Literature for Overseas Chinese (基督教輔僑出版社), 1959. First published 1955.

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Su Ching (蘇精). 鑄以代刻：傳教士與中文印刷變局 (Zhù yǐ dài kè, “Casting to Replace Carving: The Missionaries and the Transformation of Chinese Printing”). Taipei: National Taiwan University Press, 2014.

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Chinese Monthly Magazine (察世俗每月統記傳). Founded August 1815 by William Milne, Malacca.

The Chinese Repository. Founded May 1832 by Elijah Coleman Bridgman, Canton. Published 1832–1851.

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University of Southampton Special Collections blog. “A Dictionary of the Chinese Language.” 8 March 2019.

Wikipedia (Chinese). “马礼逊”; “广州十三行”; “英華書院.”

Wikipedia (English). “Robert Morrison (missionary)”; “Thirteen Factories”; “Ying Wa College.”

Wikisource (Chinese). 原道覺世訓.

Chapter 2: The Medical Door

Primary Sources

Annales de la Propagation de la Foi: Recueil périodique des lettres des évêques et des missionnaires des missions des deux mondes. Vol. 28. Lyon: Chez l’Éditeur des Annales, 1856. Printed at Lyon by J. B. Pélagaud. Carries M. Guillemin’s letter on the torture and execution of Auguste Chapdelaine, pp. 474–479.

The Chinese Repository. Vols. 4–8 (1835–1840). Canton. Parker’s quarterly reports (vols. 4 and 6), the Medical Missionary Society’s regulations and resolutions (vol. 7), and the eyewitness account of the opium destruction at Humen with translations of Lin Zexu’s edict and proclamations (vol. 8).

Chouban yiwu shimo (籌辦夷務始末, Chóubàn yíwù shǐmò, “The Complete Account of the Management of Barbarian Affairs”), Daoguang reign. Juan 72. Qiying’s memorial on the Wanghia treaty’s thirty-four articles (葉十五b, 十七a–十八a) and the Grand Council’s review of 七月丁卯 (August 15, 1844; 葉廿一a, 廿三b–廿五a).

Colledge, Thomas R., Peter Parker, and Elijah C. Bridgman. Suggestions for the Formation of a Medical Missionary Society, Offered to the Consideration of All Christian Nations. Canton, October 1836.

The Congregational Year-Book, 1883. Issued, under the sanction of the National Council of the Congregational Churches of the United States, by its Publishing Committee. Boston: Congregational Publishing Society, 1883. “Theological Seminaries,” p. 61.

Downing, C. Toogood. The Fan-Qui in China, in 1836–7. 3 vols. London: Henry Colburn, 1838.

Fei Jidujiao Xuesheng Tongmeng (非基督教學生同盟, Anti-Christian Student Federation). 通電 (“Telegram”). Shanghai, March 1922. In 先驅 (Xianqu, “The Pioneer”), no. 4 (March 15, 1922): 1. The 1943 reprinting in 真光 agrees with its wording; Yang Weihua’s 2013 transcription differs in two readings.

First Historical Archives of China (中國第一歷史檔案館), ed. 鴉片戰爭檔案史料 (Yāpiàn Zhànzhēng dàng’àn shǐliào, “Archival Materials of the Opium War”). Vol. 3. Tianjin: Tianjin Classical Literature Publishing House (天津古籍出版社), 1992.

Hager, Charles R. “Doctor Sun Yat Sen: Some Personal Reminiscences.” Missionary Herald 108, no. 4 (April 1912): 171–174.

Hobson, Benjamin (合信). 西醫略論 (Xīyī lüèlùn, “First Lines of the Practice of Surgery in the West”). Compiled with Guan Maocai (管茂材). 1857; consulted in the Edo reprint, 安政戊午 (1858), 桃樹園藏梓, which carries no copyright page.

Hunter, William C. The ‘Fan Kwae’ at Canton before Treaty Days, 1825–1844. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, 1882.

Lin Zexu (林則徐). 林文忠公（則徐）奏稿 (Lín Wénzhōng gōng [Zéxú] zòugǎo, “Memorials of Lin Wenzhong [Zexu]”). Vol. 2. In 近代中國史料叢刊三編 (Jìndài Zhōngguó shǐliào cóngkān sān biān, “Modern Chinese Historical Materials, Third Series”), no. 17. Taipei: Wenhai, 1966.

Lin Zexu (林則徐). 擬諭英吉利國王檄 (Nǐ yù Yīngjílì guówáng xí, “Draft Edict to the King of England”). August 3, 1839.

Lin Zexu (林則徐). 赴戍登程，口占示家人 (Fù shù dēngchéng, kǒuzhàn shì jiārén, “Setting Out for the Garrison: An Impromptu Verse Shown to My Family”). Two poems, 1842. Consulted in 林则徐诗集 (Lín Zéxú shījí, “Collected Poems of Lin Zexu”). Fuzhou: 海峡文艺出版社, 1987.

Lockhart, William. The Medical Missionary in China: A Narrative of Twenty Years’ Experience. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1861.

Lu Xun (魯迅, writing as 豐之餘). 〈吃教〉 (Chī jiào, “Eating the Religion”). 申報·自由談, September 29, 1933. Collected in 《準風月談》.

Medical Missionary Society in China. Reports of the Medical Missionary Society in China, including the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Sixteenth Reports of the Ophthalmic Hospital at Canton. Canton: Office of the Chinese Repository, 1845–1852. The Fifteenth Report (1850) is cited from the same series.

Parker, Peter. First Quarterly Report of the Ophthalmic Hospital at Canton (4 November 1835 – 4 February 1836). Manuscript, Yale University Library, Ms Coll 6 (Peter Parker collection), https://collections.library.yale.edu/catalog/16808814. Also printed in The Chinese Repository vol. 4 (1836). Records the quarter’s enrolled total as 925 (655 men, 270 women).

Parker, Peter. The Fourth Quarterly Report of the Ophthalmic Hospital at Canton. Canton, 1836. Republished from The Chinese Repository for November 1836.

Parker, Peter. The Seventh Quarterly Report of the Ophthalmic Hospital at Canton. Canton, 1838. Republished from The Chinese Repository 6, no. 9 (January 1838): 433–445.

Qingshi gao (清史稿, Qīngshǐ gǎo, “Draft History of the Qing”). Compiled under Zhao Erxun (趙爾巽), 1914–1927; first printed 1928. Juan 369, the biography of Lin Zexu.

Selden, Charles C. The John G. Kerr Refuge for Insane. Canton, 1910. Pamphlet; no publisher named, issued with a covering appeal by J. W. Jamieson, H.B.M. Consul-General at Canton, dated May 5, 1910.

Stevens, George B., and W. Fisher Markwick. The Life, Letters, and Journals of the Rev. and Hon. Peter Parker. Boston and Chicago: Congregational Sunday-School and Publishing Society, 1896.

Sun Yat-sen. Memoirs of a Chinese Revolutionary: A Programme of National Reconstruction for China. London: Hutchinson, 1918. Consulted in the American issue of the London sheets, Philadelphia: David McKay (title page undated; the preface is signed Shanghai, December 30, the seventh year of the Republic).

Xu Shou (徐壽). 醫學論 (Yīxué lùn, “On Medicine”). 格致彙編 (Gézhì huìbiān, “The Chinese Scientific Magazine”), 1876.

Zhenguang (真光, The True Light Review). 批評非基督教學生同盟通電 (“A Critique of the Anti-Christian Student Federation’s Telegram”). Vol. 21, nos. 8–9 combined (1943): 19–20. Reprints the March 1922 telegram entire under the heading 原文, followed by a rebuttal.

Secondary Sources

Beeching, Jack. The Chinese Opium Wars. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976. First American edition; copyright 1975.

Bergère, Marie-Claire. Sun Yat-sen. Translated by Janet Lloyd. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998.

Blum, Nava, and Elizabeth Fee. “The First Mental Hospital in China.” American Journal of Public Health 98, no. 9 (2008): 1593. PMC 2509595. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.134577.

Cadbury, William Warder, and Mary Hoxie Jones. At the Point of a Lancet: One Hundred Years of the Canton Hospital, 1835–1935. Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh, 1935.

Cadbury, William Warder, and Mary Hoxie Jones. 博济医院百年（1835—1935） (Bójì yīyuàn bǎinián, “At the Point of a Lancet”). Translated by Shen Zhengbang (沈正邦). Guangzhou: Guangdong People’s Publishing House (广东人民出版社), 2009.

Chan, Chi-Chao, Melissa M. Liu, and James C. Tsai. “The First Western-Style Hospital in China.” Arch Ophthalmol 129, no. 6 (2011): 791–797. PMC 3158239. doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2011.120.

Chan Kai-chon (陳繼春). 錢納利與澳門 (Qián Nàlì yǔ Àomén, “Chinnery and Macao”). Macao: Macao Foundation (澳門基金會), 1995.

Chang Hsin-pao. Commissioner Lin and the Opium War. Harvard East Asian Series 18, with a foreword by John K. Fairbank. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964.

Chen, Shunyi. “Translation and Ideology: A Study of Lin Zexu’s Translation Activities.” Meta 62, no. 2 (2017): 313–332.

Chiang, Howard, ed. Psychiatry and Chinese History. Studies for the Society for the Social History of Medicine 21. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2014.

Clements, Rebekah. “Late Tokugawa ‘Crisis Translation.’” In A Cultural History of Translation in Early Modern Japan, 177–211. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.

Conner, Patrick. George Chinnery: 1774–1852, Artist of India and the China Coast. Woodbridge: Antique Collectors’ Club, 1993.

Cox, Thomas R. “Harbingers of Change: American Merchants and the Formosa Annexation Scheme.” Pacific Historical Review 42, no. 2 (1973): 163–184.

Crossen, Cynthia. The Rich and How They Got That Way: How the Wealthiest People of All Time—from Genghis Khan to Bill Gates—Made Their Fortunes. New York: Crown Business, 2000.

Crossman, Carl L. The Decorative Arts of the China Trade: Paintings, Furnishings and Exotic Curiosities. Woodbridge: Antique Collectors’ Club, 1991.

Dennett, Tyler. Americans in Eastern Asia: A Critical Study of the Policy of the United States with Reference to China, Japan and Korea in the 19th Century. New York: Macmillan, 1922.

Elliot, Robert Henry. The Indian Operation of Couching for Cataract. New York: Paul B. Hoeber, 1918. Printed in England by H. K. Lewis, London.

Fay, Peter Ward. The Opium War, 1840–1842: Barbarians in the Celestial Empire in the Early Part of the Nineteenth Century and the War by Which They Forced Her Gates Ajar. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1975. Consulted in the 1997 paperback edition, with a new preface by the author.

Fu, Louis. “Medical Missionaries in China: John Glasgow Kerr (1824–1901) and Cutting for the Stone.” Journal of Medical Biography 26, no. 3 (2018): 194–202.

Fu, Louis. “The Protestant Medical Missions to China: Dr Thomas Richardson Colledge (1796–1879) and the Founding of the Macao Ophthalmic Hospital.” Journal of Medical Biography 21, no. 2 (2013): 118–123. doi:10.1258/jmb.2012.012007.

Fu, Louis. “The Use of Lithotomy by Missionary Surgeons in Nineteenth-Century China.” Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh 41, no. 3 (2011): 264–269.

Fuess, Claude M. The Life of Caleb Cushing. 2 vols. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1923.

Gross, Samuel D. A Practical Treatise on the Diseases, Injuries, and Malformations of the Urinary Bladder, the Prostate Gland, and the Urethra. 3rd ed., revised by Samuel W. Gross. Philadelphia: Henry C. Lea, 1876.

Gulick, Edward V. Peter Parker and the Opening of China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973.

Hanes, W. Travis, III, and Frank Sanello. The Opium Wars: The Addiction of One Empire and the Corruption of Another. Naperville: Sourcebooks, 2002.

Hao Yen-p’ing (郝延平). The Commercial Revolution in Nineteenth-Century China: The Rise of Sino-Western Mercantile Capitalism. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.

Ho, Faith C. S. “The Beginning of Medical Education in Hong Kong 125 Years Ago…Its Unique Features in Comparison with Similar Efforts in China.” Hong Kong Medical Journal 18, no. 6 (2012): 544–550. (Kerr and the Canton school, p. 545.)

Hughes, Alan P. “Dr William Lockhart 1811–1896: Medical Missionary to China.” Typescript, 1995. In Papers Relating to William Lockhart, School of Oriental and African Studies Library Special Collections, University of London, GB 102 MS 380645.

Hummel, Arthur W., ed. Eminent Chinese of the Ch’ing Period (1644–1912). 2 vols. Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1943–1944.

Kennedy, William V. “We Must Support Independence.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, November 1996. (Quotes Parker’s 1857 Formosa dispatch via O’Connor, Pacific Destiny, 1969.)

Kuo, Ping Chia. “Caleb Cushing and the Treaty of Wanghia, 1844.” Journal of Modern History 5, no. 1 (1933): 34–54.

Lai Xinxia (来新夏), ed. 林则徐年谱长编 (Lín Zéxú niánpǔ chángbiān, “An Extended Chronicle of Lin Zexu’s Life”). 2 vols. 晚清人物年谱长编系列. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press (上海交通大学出版社), 2011. ISBN 978-7-313-07651-9.

Ma Kan-Wen. “Sun Yat-Sen (1866–1925), a Man to Cure Patients and the Nation—His Early Years and Medical Career.” Journal of Medical Biography 4, no. 3 (1996): 161–170.

Ma, Zhiying. “An Iron Cage of Civilization? Missionary Psychiatry, the Chinese Family and a Colonial Dialect of Enlightenment.” In Psychiatry and Chinese History, edited by Howard Chiang, 91–110. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2014.

Mackenzie, William. A Practical Treatise on the Diseases of the Eye. 4th ed., with notes by Addinell Hewson. Philadelphia: Blanchard and Lea, 1855.

McNeur, George Hunter. Liang A-Fa: China’s First Preacher, 1789–1855. Edited by Jonathan A. Seitz. Studies in Chinese Christianity. Eugene, OR: Pickwick Publications, 2014. First published as China’s First Preacher, Liang A-fa, 1789–1855, Shanghai: Kwang Hsueh Publishing House / Oxford University Press, China Agency, 1934.

Ohta Yuka (太田由佳) and Ariga Nobumichi (有賀暢迪). “A Chronological Sketch of the Life of Ryokichi Yatabe.” Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science, Series E 39 (2016): 27–58.

Rachman, Stephen. “Memento Morbi: Lam Qua’s Paintings, Peter Parker’s Patients.” Literature and Medicine 23, no. 1 (2004): 134–159. doi:10.1353/lm.2004.0009.

Shuai, Siyang. “A Dilemma between Politics and Evangelism: S. Wells Williams’ Controversial Translation of the ‘Toleration Article’ in the Sino–U.S. Treaty of Tientsin.” Religions 15, no. 2 (2024), art. 152. doi:10.3390/rel15020152.

Speer, Robert E., ed. A Missionary Pioneer in the Far East: A Memorial of Divie Bethune McCartee. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1922.

Stauffer, Milton T., ed. The Christian Occupation of China: A General Survey of the Numerical Strength and Geographical Distribution of the Christian Forces in China. Shanghai: China Continuation Committee, 1922.

Strong, Josiah. Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis. New York: Baker and Taylor, for the American Home Missionary Society, 1885; revised edition, 1891.

Szto, Peter. “Psychiatric Space and Design Antecedents: The John G. Kerr Refuge for the Insane.” In Psychiatry and Chinese History, edited by Howard Chiang, 71–90. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2014.

Tao Feiya (陶飞亚) and Yang Weihua (杨卫华). “改革开放以来的中国基督教史研究” (“The Study of the History of Christianity in China since Reform and Opening”). 史学月刊 (Shǐxué yuèkān, “Journal of Historical Science”), no. 10 (2010).

Tillotson, G. H. R. Review of George Chinnery 1774–1852: Artist of India and the China Coast, by Patrick Conner. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 3rd ser., 6, no. 1 (1996): 127–129. doi:10.1017/S1356186300015108.

Tucker, Sara W. “Opportunities for Women: The Development of Professional Women’s Medicine at Canton, China, 1879–1901.” Women’s Studies International Forum 13, no. 4 (1990): 357–368. doi:10.1016/0277-5395(90)90032-S.

Williams, Frederick Wells. The Life and Letters of Samuel Wells Williams, LL.D. New York: Putnam, 1889.

Withrow, W. H., ed. China and its People. Toronto: William Briggs, 1894.

Wong, J. Y. Deadly Dreams: Opium, Imperialism, and the Arrow War. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1998.

Yang Honglie (杨宏烈). “广州”十三行”地名文化的考究与利用” (“The Study and Use of the Place-Name Culture of Guangzhou’s Thirteen Hongs”). 热带地理 (Redai dili, Tropical Geography) 33, no. 6 (2013): 737–747.

Yang Weihua (楊衛華). “中國反宗教理論的成型：1920年代非宗教話語分析” (“The Formation of China’s Anti-Religious Theory: An Analysis of 1920s Non-Religious Discourse”). 澳門理工學報 (Aomen ligong xuebao, Journal of Macao Polytechnic Institute), no. 3 (2013): 102–109.

Yuan Yuan (袁媛) and Yan Shiyun (严世芸). “雒魏林和他创办的上海仁济医院” (“William Lockhart and the Shanghai Renji Hospital He Founded”). 医学与哲学 (Yīxué yǔ zhéxué, “Medicine and Philosophy”) 37, no. 9A (September 2016): 94–97. doi:10.12014/j.issn.1002-0772.2016.09a.27.

Zhu Haiyan (朱海燕). 「アヘン戦争期広東知識人のキリスト教認識 ―梁廷枏『耶蘇教難入中国説』への考察を中心に―」 (“Guangdong Intellectuals’ Understanding of Christianity in the Time of the Opium War”). 明治学院大学キリスト教研究所紀要 (Meiji Gakuin Daigaku Kirisutokyō Kenkyūjo kiyō, “The Bulletin of the Institute for Christian Studies, Meiji Gakuin University”) 55 (2023): 121–151. doi:10.24620/0002000007.

Periodicals

Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 24, no. 9 (1841): 177. Notice of Colledge’s lectures during the 1840–41 furlough.

The China Medical Missionary Journal. Vols. IV–XX (1890–1906). Shanghai. Thomson’s 1890 paper on calculus, Kerr’s 1894 survey of calculus in China and 1896 hospital history, the 1901 Kerr obituary, and Swan’s 1905 paper on the surgical treatment of urinary calculus.

The Chinese Recorder 48, no. 12 (December 1917). Shanghai. The obituary “Rev. C. R. Hager, M.D., D.D.,” p. 797.

Missionary Herald. Vol. 30 (1834). Boston: published at the expense of the ABCFM, printed by Crocker and Brewster. Elijah C. Bridgman’s “Brief Memoir of the Evangelist, Leang Afa,” no. 10 (October 1834): 353–357.

New-York Daily Times, August 18, 1857, p. 1. “Important Intelligence from China: Seizure of the Island of Formosa by the United States Naval Force,” the correspondent’s letter datelined “United States Flag-Ship San Jacinto, Hong Kong, Saturday, June 9, 1857.”

The North-China Herald. Nos. 509 and 524 (1860). Shanghai. Two of the three open letters signed “An American, Who is ashamed of the Chinese text of the 29th Article of the New Treaty”: no. 509, April 28, 1860, “Toleration of Christianity According to the American Treaty with China,” p. 66; and no. 524, August 11, 1860, supplement, “Reasons for Objecting to a Part of the Wording of the Chinese Text of the Toleration Article in the American Treaty,” p. [129], which prints no folio. The second letter, no. 515 of June 9, 1860, is held but not read.

Oberlin Alumni Magazine 14, no. 5 (February 1918). “Former Students,” p. 148.

The Philadelphia Medical Journal. Vol. 8 (1901). “Death of Dr. Kerr,” in “American News and Notes,” November 16, 1901, p. 803.

Pond, William C. “The New Mission in South China.” The American Missionary 37, no. 6 (June 1883): 180. New York: American Missionary Association.

Online and Reference Sources

Archives Hub. “Papers relating to William Lockhart.” School of Oriental and African Studies Library Special Collections, University of London, GB 102 MS 380645. https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/0eaa4de9-e02a-3481-a32c-4cac0a324144

Art UK (the Public Catalogue Foundation). “Lam Qua (1801–1860),” artist record. https://artuk.org/discover/artists/lam-qua-18011860-3409. The page gives the dates in its heading and in each artwork’s credit line, and names no source for them.

Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Christianity (BDCC). Online edition, bdcconline.net. Entries: “Parker, Peter”; “Kerr, John Glasgow”; “Lockhart, William”; “McCartee, Divie Bethune”; “Sun Yat-sen”; “鄭士良”; “Cai, Gao”; “Liang Fa.”

Chen Sisi (陈斯斯). “上海最早的西医医院迎180岁生日，多个’中国第一’诞生于此” (“Shanghai’s Earliest Western-Medicine Hospital Turns 180”). 澎湃新闻 (The Paper), November 18, 2024. https://m.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_29382813

Greater China Journal. Transcription of Sun Yat-sen, Memoirs of a Chinese Revolutionary.

Huang Qi (黄祺), comp., with graphics by Liu Qili (刘绮黎). “仁济医院180年非凡历程” (“Renji Hospital’s 180 Extraordinary Years”). 《新民周刊》 (Xinmin Weekly), November 18, 2024, cover story, p. 16. https://paper.xinmin.cn/html/xmzk/2024-11-18/16/37928.html

National Portrait Gallery, London. “George Chinnery” (person record mp00870). https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp00870/george-chinnery. (Royal Academy Schools, 1792.)

Office of the Historian, U.S. State Department. “Peter Parker — People.” Also “The Chinese Revolution of 1911,” https://history.state.gov/milestones/1899-1913/chinese-rev.

Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院). “医院简介” (“Hospital Introduction”), https://www.renji.com/article/list/01/01, and “About Renji,” https://www.renji.com/ims/article/list/11.

Simmons College archives. “Medical Missionary Society of Canton, China records, 1838.”

Wikisource (Chinese). Text of Lin Zexu’s 擬諭英吉利國王檄.

Xiao Chunyan (肖春燕). “百年仁济史上的几个’第一’” (“Some ‘Firsts’ in Renji’s Century of History”). 《上海滩》, 2020, no. 1; reposted by the magazine on 澎湃新闻·湃客, March 19, 2020. https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_6587377

Yale University, Cushing/Whitney Medical Library. Lam Qua paintings collection (86 surviving works).

Legal Sources

Peters, Richard, ed. The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America, from the Organization of the Government in 1789, to March 3, 1845. Vol. VIII. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1867. The Treaty of Wanghia, signed July 3, 1844, under the running head “TREATY WITH CHINA. 1844.”; Article XVII at pp. 596–597. Consulted in the Dennis & Co. photo-reprint, Buffalo, NY, 1963.

Treaties, Conventions, etc., between China and Foreign States. Vol. 1. Shanghai: Inspectorate General of Customs, 1917. Pages cited: 388 and 391 (the Treaty of Nanking and its supplementary provisions on English criminals), 407–408 (travel into the interior under passport), 726 (the most-favored-nation clause) and 821 (the French undertaking to protect missionaries).

U.S. Department of State. Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1943, China. The treaty for the relinquishment of extraterritorial rights in China, signed at Washington, January 11, 1943, in force May 20, 1943.

Wangxia tiaoyue (望廈條約, Wàngxià tiáoyuē, “The Treaty of Wanghia”), Chinese text. Signed July 3, 1844. Article 17: 「合眾國民人在五港口貿易，或久居，或暫住，均准其租賃民房，或租地自行建樓，並設立醫館、禮拜堂及殯葬之處。」

Chapter 3: The Anglo-Saxon Mission

Primary Sources

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Aguinaldo, Emilio. Proclamations of January 5, 1899. Malolos. In Correspondence Relating to the War with Spain, vol. 2, pp. 910–913. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1902.

Anti-Imperialist League. Save the Republic. Anti-Imperialist Leaflets Nos. 11–21. Washington, 1898–99. Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections.

Bingham, Hiram. A Residence of Twenty-One Years in the Sandwich Islands. Hartford: Hezekiah Huntington, 1847.

Blount, James H. Report of Special Commissioner James H. Blount to President Cleveland on the Hawaiian Revolution. July 17, 1893. In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1894, Appendix II: Affairs in Hawaii, pp. 567–605. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1895.

Gibson, Otis. The Chinese in America. Cincinnati: Hitchcock and Walden, 1877.

Gompers, Samuel, and Herman Gutstadt. Some Reasons for Chinese Exclusion: Meat vs. Rice — American Manhood against Asiatic Coolieism: Which Shall Survive? Senate Doc. No. 137, 57th Cong., 1st Sess. Washington: American Federation of Labor / Government Printing Office, 1902.

Hay, John. Open Door Notes. Department of State circular notes of September 6, 1899, and July 3, 1900. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1899, pp. 129–130; FRUS 1900.

Hay, John, and John Nicolay. Abraham Lincoln: A History. 10 vols. New York: Century Company, 1890. Serialized in Century Magazine, Nov 1886–Feb 1890.

Kamakau, Samuel Manaiakalani. Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii. Rev. ed. Honolulu: Kamehameha Schools Press, 1992.

Laubach, Frank Charles. The People of the Philippines: Their Religious Progress and Preparation for Spiritual Leadership in the Far East. New York: George H. Doran Company, 1925.

Liliuokalani. Hawaii’s Story by Hawaii’s Queen. Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1898.

Liliuokalani. Ke Aloha O Ka Haku (“The Lord’s Mercy”; “The Queen’s Prayer”). Composed at ’Iolani Palace, March 22, 1895. Holograph note in He Buke Mele Hawaii (1897), Hawaiʻi State Archives, M93-14-128i; manuscript songbook leaf (p. 3, undated), Bishop Museum Archives, MS MC Liliʻuokalani Box 6.

Mahan, Alfred Thayer. The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660–1783. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1890.

Mahan, Alfred Thayer. The Interest of America in Sea Power, Present and Future. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1897. Collecting “The United States Looking Outward” (Atlantic Monthly, December 1890), “Hawaii and Our Future Sea Power” (The Forum, March 1893), and “A Twentieth-Century Outlook” (Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, September 1897).

McKinley, William. Address to a Methodist delegation, November 21, 1899. Recorded by General James Rusling, “Interview with President McKinley,” Christian Advocate, January 22, 1903, pp. 17–18 (volume pagination 137–138).

Miller, John Franklin. “Chinese Immigration.” Senate speech, February 28, 1882. Congressional Record, 47th Cong., 1st Sess., vol. 13, pp. 1481–1488.

Otis, Elwell S. Report of Major-General E. S. Otis, U.S. Volunteers, on Military Operations and Civil Affairs in the Philippine Islands, 1899. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1899.

Speer, William. An Humble Plea, Addressed to the Legislature of California. San Francisco: Office of the Oriental, 1856.

Speer, William. An Answer to the Common Objections to Chinese Testimony. San Francisco: Chinese Mission House, 1857. Printed by B. F. Sterett.

Strong, Josiah. Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis. New York: Baker and Taylor, for the American Home Missionary Society, 1885; revised edition, 1891.

Su Shaobing (蘇紹柄), ed. 山鐘集 (Shānzhōng jí). Shanghai: Hongwen Press (鴻文書局), 1906.

Thurston, Lorrin A. Memoirs of the Hawaiian Revolution. Edited by Andrew Farrell. Honolulu: Advertiser Publishing Co., 1936.

Tse Tsan-tai (謝纘泰). 時局全圖 (Shíjú Quántú / The Situation in the Far East). Hong Kong, July 1899, per the sheet’s own line (“TSE TSAN TAI / HONGKONG. JULY 1899”) and Tse’s diary; drawn 戊戌六月 (1898) per the colophon. Color lithograph printed in Japan.

Tse Tsan-tai (謝纘泰). The Chinese Republic: Secret History of the Revolution. Hong Kong: South China Morning Post, 1924.

Tse Tsan-tai (謝纘泰). 中華民國革命秘史 (Zhōnghuá Mínguó gémìng mìshǐ, “The Chinese Republic: Secret History of the Revolution”). Translated and annotated by the editorial department of the Commercial Press (商務印書館編輯部). Hong Kong: The Commercial Press, September 2021.

Twain, Mark. “To the Person Sitting in Darkness.” North American Review 172, no. 531 (February 1901): 161–176.

United States Congress. Debate on the annexation of Hawaii (Newlands resolution, H. Res. 259). Congressional Record, 55th Cong., 2nd Sess., vol. 31, pt. 6, June 11, 1898, pp. 5770–5796.

United States Department of State. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1901. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1902.

United States Department of State. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1905. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1906.

Williams, Samuel Wells. The Middle Kingdom. Rev. ed. Vol. 1. London: W. H. Allen & Co., 1883.

Secondary Sources

Chinen, Jon J. The Great Mahele: Hawaii’s Land Division of 1848. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 1958.

Cullinane, Michael Patrick, and Alex Goodall. The Open Door Era: United States Foreign Policy in the Twentieth Century. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2017.

D’Arcy, Paul. Transforming Hawai’i: Balancing Coercion and Consent in Eighteenth-Century Kānaka Maoli Statecraft. Canberra: ANU Press, 2018. Chapter 6, “Creating a Kingdom: Hawai’i 1796 to 1819”, covers the kapu abolition.

Esthus, Raymond A. “The Changing Concept of the Open Door, 1899–1910.” The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 46, no. 3 (1959): 435–454.

Garovoy, Jocelyn B. “‘Ua Koe Ke Kuleana O Na Kanaka’ (Reserving the Rights of Native Tenants): Integrating Kuleana Rights and Land Trust Priorities in Hawaii.” Harvard Environmental Law Review 29, no. 2 (2005): 523–571.

Laamann, Lars. “The Protestant Missions to South-East Asia.” Exchange 51 (2022): 266–286.

Levin, Stephenie Seto. “The Overthrow of the Kapu System in Hawaii.” Journal of the Polynesian Society 77, no. 4 (1968): 402–430.

Muller, Dorothea R. “The Social Philosophy of Josiah Strong: Social Christianity and American Progressivism.” Church History 28, no. 2 (1959): 183–201.

Muller, Dorothea R. “Josiah Strong and American Nationalism: A Reevaluation.” Journal of American History 53 (Dec. 1966): 487–503.

Noonan, Rodney. “Grafton to Guangzhou: The Revolutionary Journey of Tse Tsan Tai.” Journal of Intercultural Studies 27, nos. 1–2 (2006): 101–115.

Parker, Michael. The Kingdom of Character: The Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions (1886–1926). Lanham: American Society of Missiology and University Press of America, 1998.

Robert, Dana. Occupy Until I Come: A. T. Pierson and the Evangelization of the World. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003.

Russ, William Adam. The Hawaiian Revolution 1893–94. Selinsgrove: Susquehanna University Press, 1959.

Schmitt, Robert C. Historical Statistics of Hawaii. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1977.

Twain, Mark, and Charles Dudley Warner. The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today. Hartford: American Publishing Company, 1873.

Varg, Paul A. Open Door Diplomat: The Life of W. W. Rockhill. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1952.

Wang, Guanhua. In Search of Justice: The 1905–1906 Chinese Anti-American Boycott. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, 2001.

Wang Yunhong (王云红). “有关《时局图》的几个问题” (“Several Questions Concerning the Shijutu”). 历史教学 (Lishi jiaoxue, History Teaching), no. 9 (2005): 71–75.

Xu Guanting (许冠亭). 绅商也要革命 (Shēnshāng yě yào gémìng, “Gentry-Merchants Want Revolution Too”). Suzhou: Soochow University Press, 2011.

Yengoyan, Aram A. “Christianity and Austronesian Transformations.” In The Austronesians, edited by Peter Bellwood, James J. Fox, and Darrell Tryon. Canberra: ANU E Press, 2006. First published 1995.

Zhang, Shaoqian. “The Making of Harmony and War, from New Year Prints to Propaganda Cartoons during China’s Second Sino-Japanese War.” In Comic Empires: Imperialism in Cartoons, Caricature, and Satirical Art, edited by Richard Scully and Andrekos Varnava, 161–191. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2020.

Legal Sources

Chae Chan Ping v. United States, 130 U.S. 581 (1889).

Chinese Exclusion Act. 22 Stat. 58, ch. 126. Approved May 6, 1882.

Chinese Exclusion Extension Act of 1902. “An Act to prohibit the coming of Chinese laborers into the United States.” 57th Cong., 1st Sess., ch. 641, 32 Stat. 176. Approved April 29, 1902.

Chinese Exclusion Permanent Extension of 1904. § 5 of the FY1904 Deficiency Appropriations Act (H.R. 15054). 58th Cong., 2nd Sess., ch. 1630, 33 Stat. 394 (§ 5 at p. 428). Approved April 27, 1904.

Geary Act. 1892.

Gresham-Yang Treaty (Sino-American). 1894.

Kuleana Act. August 6, 1850.

Magnuson Act. 1943.

Newlands Resolution. July 7, 1898.

Page Act. 1875.

People v. Hall. California Supreme Court, 1854.

Scott Act. October 1, 1888.

Periodicals

The Christian Advocate. January 22, 1903.

Eastern Times (時報, Shí Bào). Shanghai. Issues of August 11 and 28, 1905.

Eshi Jingwen (俄事警聞). Shanghai. First issue, December 1903.

The Home Missionary. American Home Missionary Society, New York. Volumes 58–59 (1885–1887).

New York Herald. October 15, 1900.

North China Daily News. Shanghai. July 21, 1905, “Notes on native affairs—The American boycott.”

Shun Pao (申報, Shēn Bào). Shanghai. Issues of August 10–11, 1905.

The Wasp. November 18, 1876, p. 138. George Frederick Keller, “The Equal of Persons (?) Gibson and Loomis.”

Online and Reference Sources

Brown University Library. “John Hay’s Lincoln and Lincoln’s John Hay.”

Hawai’i State Archives. “Music from Queen Lili’uokalani Manuscript Collections.”

Hawaiian Mission Houses Historic Site. “Aboard the American Brig the Thaddeus.”

Library of Congress. “Chinese Exclusion Act: Primary Documents in American History.”

National Archives. “Chinese Exclusion Act (1882),” Milestone Documents.

National Archives. “Joint Resolution to Provide for Annexing the Hawaiian Islands.”

NPS. “The American Anti-Imperialist League at Faneuil Hall.”

NPS. Ford’s Theatre NHS, “The Petersen House.”

NPS. Pu’ukohola Heiau NHS, “Changes After the Death of Kamehameha.”

Office of the Historian. “Secretary of State John Hay and the Open Door in China.”

Office of the Historian. “The Philippine-American War, 1899–1902.”

Office of the Historian, U.S. State Department. “The Burlingame-Seward Treaty, 1868.”

Presbyterian Historical Society. RG-286, Lane Theological Seminary Records.

Stanford University. Chinese Railroad Workers in North America Project.

Supreme Court, Office of the Curator. “East Pediment” fact sheet, updated 2021.

Archives

Bodleian Library, Oxford. Archive of Alfred E. Hippisley. MSS. Eng. c. 7065 (fols. 138–139), c. 7285–98, e. 3586–7; MSS. Photogr. c. 206–7.

Columbia University, Burke Library. Josiah Strong Papers, 1855–1969. UTS1.

Chapter 4: In This Generation

Primary Sources

Addresses and Papers; Dedication Ceremonies and Medical Conference; Peking Union Medical College; September 15–22, 1921. Peking, 1922. Title page names no publisher beyond the college; printed by the Rumford Press, Concord, New Hampshire.

Blodget, Henry. “A New Campaign in China.” The Independent 37, no. 1910 (July 9, 1885): 20.

Bosch, David Jacobus. Transforming Mission: Paradigm Shifts in Theology of Mission. Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 1991.

Broomhall, Benjamin. The Evangelisation of the World: A Missionary Band. 2nd ed. London: Morgan & Scott, 1887.

Broomhall, Marshall. Hudson Taylor: The Man Who Believed God. London: China Inland Mission, 1929.

Buck, Pearl S. Fighting Angel: Portrait of a Soul. New York: John Day, in association with Reynal & Hitchcock, 1936.

Butler, Cathy. The Story of Lottie Moon. Birmingham: Woman’s Missionary Union, 2004.

Garside, B. A. One Increasing Purpose: The Life of Henry Winters Luce. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1948.

Goforth, Jonathan. By My Spirit. London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott, 1929.

Goforth, Rosalind. Goforth of China. London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott, 1937. Consulted in the third printing, October 1939; title page undated, copyright McClelland & Stewart, Canada, 1937.

Gordon, Ernest B. Adoniram Judson Gordon: A Biography. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1896.

Grubb, Norman P. C. T. Studd: Athlete and Pioneer. Atlantic City: World-Wide Revival Prayer Movement, 1943. Fourth U.S. impression of the Third Presentation Edition; first published as C. T. Studd: Cricketer and Pioneer, London: Religious Tract Society, 1933.

Harper, Keith, ed. Send the Light: Lottie Moon’s Letters and Other Writings. Baptists: History, Literature, Theology, Hymns. Macon: Mercer University Press, 2002.

Lennox, William G. “A Self Survey by Mission Hospitals in China.” Chinese Medical Journal 46, no. 5 (1932): 484–534.

Lloyd’s Register of British and Foreign Shipping. From 1st July, 1866, to the 30th June, 1867. London: Cox and Wyman, 1866.

Mathews, Basil. John R. Mott: World Citizen. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1934.

Maxwell, James L. “The Mission Hospitals.” Chinese Medical Journal 46, no. 8 (1932): 820–823.

Mott, John R. Addresses and Papers of John R. Mott. Vol. 1, The Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions. New York: Association Press, 1946.

Mott, John R. “The Beginnings of the Student Volunteer Movement.” In The Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the Student Volunteer Movement, 1–20. New York: Student Volunteer Movement, [1911]. Title page undated; the addresses were given at the Mount Hermon School on Sunday, September 10, 1911, and the introductory note calls the volume “a stenographic report of the addresses”. Mott also contributed “Conditions at the Mount Hermon Conference which made Possible the Generation of the Student Volunteer Movement”, 55–69.

Mott, John R. History of the Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions. Chicago: Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions, 1892.

Mott, John R. “Report of the Executive Committee.” In North American Students and World Advance: Addresses Delivered at the Eighth International Convention of the Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions, Des Moines, Iowa, December 31, 1919, to January 4, 1920, edited by Burton St. John, 61–62. New York: Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions, 1920.

Nevius, John Livingston. The Planting and Development of Missionary Churches. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company, 1958.

Penfield, Thornton B. “The Nashville Convention in Outline.” The Intercollegian 28, no. 7 (April 1906): 157–62.

Pierson, Arthur Tappan. The Crisis of Missions; or, The Voice out of the Cloud. 4th ed. London: James Nisbet, [1886]. Preface dated Philadelphia, July 1886.

Report of the First International Convention of the Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions, Held at Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A., February 26, 27, 28, and March 1, 1891. Boston: Press of T. O. Metcalf, 1891.

Richard, Timothy. Forty-Five Years in China: Reminiscences. New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1916.

Robert E. Speer Missionary Statesman. Philadelphia: General Assembly’s Publicity Department. 1927.

Rockefeller Foundation. Annual Report. New York: Rockefeller Foundation, 1915, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1925, 1947.

Speer, Robert E. A Memorial of Horace Tracy Pitkin. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1903.

Stauffer, Milton T., ed. The Christian Occupation of China: A General Survey of the Numerical Strength and Geographical Distribution of the Christian Forces in China. Shanghai: China Continuation Committee, 1922.

Students and the Modern Missionary Crusade. New York: Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions, 1906. The report of the Nashville convention of 1906; consulted in the archive.org scan, whose Appendix C, “Statistics of the Convention”, is on p. 684.

Sullivan, Regina D. Lottie Moon: A Southern Baptist Missionary to China in History and Legend. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2011.

Taylor, Dr. and Mrs. Howard. Hudson Taylor in Early Years: The Growth of a Soul. New York: Hodder & Stoughton and George H. Doran; Philadelphia: China Inland Mission, 1912.

Taylor, Dr. and Mrs. Howard. Hudson Taylor and the China Inland Mission: The Growth of a Work of God. London: China Inland Mission, 1918. Copy consulted: the fifth impression, September 1921.

Wang Yuande (王元德). Preface to 頌讚詩歌 (Sòngzàn Shīgē, “Hymns of Praise”). Signed as Wang Xuanchen (王宣忱). Qingdao: Huabei Shanghang (華北商行), September 1941.

Wang Yuande (王元德), trans. 新式標點新約全書 (Xīnshì biāodiǎn Xīnyuē quánshū, “New Testament, Newly Punctuated”). Signed as Wang Xuanchen (王宣忱). Qingdao: Zhonghua Jidujiaohui (中華基督教會), 1933. 序言 (preface), pp. 1–2. American Bible Society copy, digitized in 珍本聖經數位典藏 (Rare Chinese Bible Digital Archive), 信望愛 (FHL), book no. 24.

Yen Yang-ch’u (晏陽初 / James Yen). 九十自述 (Jiǔshí zìshù, “Ninety Years’ Autobiography”). 1987. In 晏阳初全集 (Yàn Yángchū quánjí, “The Complete Works of Yan Yangchu”), edited by Song Enrong (宋恩荣), vol. 3, 529–588. Tianjin: Tianjin Education Press, 2013.

Secondary Sources

Beahm, William M. Factors in the Development of the Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions. PhD dissertation, University of Chicago, 1941. Cited in Harder (2011).

Broomhall, A. J. Hudson Taylor and China’s Open Century. 7 vols. Sevenoaks: Hodder and Stoughton and the Overseas Missionary Fellowship, 1981–1989. Vol. 5, Refiner’s Fire (1985); vol. 6, Assault on the Nine (1988).

Bullock, Mary Brown. An American Transplant: The Rockefeller Foundation and Peking Union Medical College. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980.

Choa, Gerald H. “Heal the Sick” Was Their Motto: The Protestant Medical Missionaries in China. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1990.

Clark, Donald N. Korea in World History. Key Issues in Asian Studies, no. 10. Ann Arbor: Association for Asian Studies, 2012.

Clark, Donald N. “American and European Missionaries in East Asia: An Interview with Professor Donald Clark.” Interview by Lucien Ellington. Education About Asia 16, no. 2 (Fall 2011): 25–28. doi:10.65959/eaa.1034.

Cliff, Norman. A Flame of Sacred Love: The Life of Benjamin Broomhall, 1829–1911. Carlisle: OM Publishing, 1998.

Hanan, Patrick. “The Bible as Chinese Literature: Medhurst, Wang Tao, and the Delegates’ Version.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 63, no. 1 (2003): 197–239. doi:10.2307/25066695.

Harder, Ben. “The Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions and Its Contribution to Overall Missionary Service.” Christian Higher Education 10, no. 2 (2011): 140–154. doi:10.1080/15363751003733026.

Hayford, Charles W. To the People: James Yen and Village China. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990.

Hübner, Stefan. “Muscular Christianity and the Western Civilizing Mission: Elwood S. Brown, the YMCA, and the Idea of the Far Eastern Championship Games.” Diplomatic History 39, no. 3 (2015): 532–57. doi:10.1093/dh/dht126.

Jiang, Yuhong. “The China Medical Board’s Relationship with the Peking Union Medical College, 1914–1955: Ownership, Engagement, Diaspora.” Rockefeller Archive Center Research Reports, 2024.

Lamberton, Mary. St. John’s University, Shanghai, 1879–1951. New York: United Board for Christian Colleges in China, 1955.

Lautz, Terry. “Christian Higher Education in China: The Life of Francis C. M. Wei.” Studies in World Christianity 18, no. 1 (2012): 21–40. doi:10.3366/swc.2012.0004.

Leeb, Leopold. “Classical Languages in Chinese Biblical Studies.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in China, edited by K. K. Yeo, 147–62. New York: Oxford University Press, 2021. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190909796.013.21.

Lutz, Jessie G. China and the Christian Colleges, 1850–1950. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1971.

MacGregor, David R. The Tea Clippers: Their History and Development, 1833–1875. 2nd ed., revised and expanded. London: Conway Maritime Press, 1983.

Ng, Peter Tze Ming. “Bei Zhao Nan Wei: A Study of Two Chinese Anglican Theologians in Republican China.” In Christian Encounters with Chinese Culture: Essays on Anglican and Episcopal History in China, edited by Philip L. Wickeri, 155–72. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2015.

Parker, Michael. The Kingdom of Character: The Student Volunteer Movement for Foreign Missions (1886–1926). Lanham: American Society of Missiology and University Press of America, 1998.

Pierson, Delavan Leonard. Arthur T. Pierson: A Spiritual Warrior, Mighty in the Scriptures; A Leader in the Modern Missionary Crusade. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1912.

Pollock, J. C. The Cambridge Seven: A Call to Christian Service. Chicago: Inter-Varsity Press, 1955. First edition, November 1955.

Robert, Dana. Occupy Until I Come: A. T. Pierson and the Evangelization of the World. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003.

Robert, Dana L. “The Origin of the Student Volunteer Watchword: ‘The Evangelization of the World in This Generation.’” International Bulletin of Missionary Research 10, no. 4 (1986): 146–149. doi:10.1177/239693938601000401.

Rouse, Ruth, and Stephen Charles Neill, eds. A History of the Ecumenical Movement, 1517–1948. 4th ed. Geneva: World Council of Churches, 1993. First published 1954 (London: SPCK; Philadelphia: Westminster Press); 2nd ed., 1967; 3rd ed., 1986. Imprint from the catalog record of the copy consulted (Internet Archive historyofecumeni0004unse: “Geneva [Switzerland]: World Council of Churches,” 1993; xxvii, 838, xix, 571 pp.), bound with Fey’s vol. 2 in its 1993 third edition. The “4th ed.” statement is inherited and unverified against a title page — some catalogs record the 1986 WCC printing as the third and a 2002 WCC Publications printing as the fourth.

Sandeen, Ernest R. The Roots of Fundamentalism: British and American Millenarianism, 1800–1930. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970.

Seton, Rosemary. Review of “Heal the Sick” Was Their Motto: The Protestant Medical Missionaries in China, by G. H. Choa. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 54, no. 3 (1991): 622. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00001373.

Tao Feiya (陶飛亜). “Research Conducted Regarding Christian Colleges in China: History and Development since the 1980s.” キリスト教社会問題研究 (Kirisutokyō shakai mondai kenkyū, The Study of Christianity and Social Problems) 62 (2013): 9–43. Kyoto: Dōshisha University Institute for the Study of Humanities and Social Sciences.

Tian Weishuai. “L’Institut des Hautes Etudes Industrielles et Commerciales de Tianjin (Tientsin): une institution missionnaire française en Chine, de 1923 à 1951.” PhD dissertation, Université Paris-Sorbonne (Paris 4), 2014. theses.fr 2014PA040104. Abstract only consulted.

“12 Scholars Who Brought the Bible into Chinese.” Christianity Today, October 2023.

Zetzsche, Jost Oliver. The Bible in China: The History of the Union Version or the Culmination of Protestant Missionary Bible Translation in China. Monumenta Serica Monograph Series 45. Sankt Augustin: Institut Monumenta Serica; Nettetal: Steyler Verlag, 1999.

Zhao Xiaoyang (趙曉陽). “基督教青年會傳入中國及中國基督教青年會創建時間再考證” (“On the Introduction of the YMCA into China and the Founding of the Chinese YMCA”). 澳門理工學報 (Aomen ligong xuebao, MPU Journal), no. 1 (2014): 167–175.

Periodicals

China Division Reporter 1, no. 6–7 (June–July 1931).

The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal. Nevius’s series, Letters I–VIII: “Principles and Methods Applicable to Station Work,” vol. 16 (November 1885): 421–24 and (December 1885): 461–66; continued as “Methods of Mission Work,” vol. 17 (January–August 1886), concluding at 297–306. Publication of the Shanghai pamphlet announced at 17 (August 1886): 320 and 18 (January 1887): 40.

The Christian Union 34, no. 4 (July 22, 1886): 20–21. “At Mount Hermon” (p. 20) reprints a Springfield Union correspondent’s report, with a partial list of college delegations; “Church Gleanings” (p. 21) notes the July 9 fire at the school.

Christianity Today. “The Rise and Fall of SVM.” November 6, 1970. (Quotes the Rouse & Neill 1945 figure; gives the Cleveland 1891 convention statistics and the quadrennial rationale.)

Detroit Free Press. Fort Street Presbyterian fire, 25 March 1876.

The Independent 38 (July 22 and August 19, 1886). On-site reports of the Mount Hermon conference.

The Intercollegian of the Young Men’s Christian Associations. New series, vol. 9, no. 1 (January 1887) and vol. 10, no. 1 (September 1887). The movement’s own first reports of Mount Hermon.

The London and China Telegraph. Shipping intelligence and advertisements: February 27, 1864, p. 116; January 13, 1866, p. 30; April 27, 1866, p. 236; May 28, 1866, p. 283; July 5, 1871, p. 496; July 13, 1874, p. 470; September 21, 1874, p. 634.

Missionary Review of the World. Edited by Arthur Tappan Pierson, 1888–1911.

The Outlook. Nashville 1906 SVM convention report.

The Princeton Seminary Bulletin 42, no. 1 (Summer 1948): 13–17. Two minutes under one heading, “Robert E. Speer Memorial Minute”: the Board of Trustees’ (13–15) and the Seminary Faculty’s (15–17).

The Sword of the Lord. Robert J. Wells, “Great Christian Classic August Selection of Sword Book Club,” August 10, 1945, p. 3.

Online and Reference Sources

Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Christianity (BDCC). Online edition, bdcconline.net. Entries: “Taylor, James Hudson”; “Pitkin, Horace Tracy”; “Luce, Henry Winters”; “Thurston, Matilda Calder”; “Yan Yangchu”; “Liu Tingfang”; “Liu Zhan’en”; “Wei Zhuomin.”

BU History of Missiology, Boston University. Multiple entries.

Encyclopedia.com. “Thurston, Matilda (1875–1958).” Gale, Women in World History, resting on Notable American Women: The Modern Period (1980).

Hebei University (河北大学). “学校简介” (“About the University”). hbu.edu.cn.

IMB. “Who Was Lottie Moon?”

NobelPrize.org. “The Nobel Peace Prize 1946.” See also “John R. Mott — Biographical” (Mott crossed the Atlantic 100+ times, the Pacific 14 times, ~2 million miles).

OMF International. “James Hudson Taylor — Founder of CIM.”

OMF International. “The Broomhalls and China.” (Benjamin Broomhall’s A Missionary Band sold 20,000+ copies; a copy reached Queen Victoria.)

University of Minnesota Libraries, Kautz Family YMCA Archives. “Training Local YMCA Leaders.” Reaching for Gold. (Exner’s October 1909 two-year course for physical directors.)

Archives

Baltimore-Washington Conference Archives, Lovely Lane United Methodist Church, John Franklin Goucher Collection. Gamewell papers.

Billy Graham Center Archives, Wheaton College, Wheaton, Illinois. Goforth papers.

Columbia University, Burke Library, Missionary Research Library Archives. Finding aids consulted, not the papers: Robert E. Speer Papers, 1795–1947 (MRL 12; finding aid October 2013); Matilda Calder Thurston Papers, 1902–1958 (MRL 6; finding aid 2009, updated March 2017); Timothy Tingfang Lew Papers, 1907–1961 (MRL 6; finding aid 2008, updated February 2014).

Pearl Digital Collections, Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.). Nevius and Sydenstricker papers.

Rockefeller Archive Center. PUMC dedication records; China Medical Board.

SOAS Archives, University of London. CIM collection.

Southern Baptist Historical Library & Archives. Lottie Moon records.

University of Minnesota YMCA Archives. Exner records.

Yale Divinity School. Student Volunteer Movement papers.

Yale University Library. Mateer papers.

Chapter 5: The Boxer Summer

Primary Sources

Broomhall, Marshall, ed. Martyred Missionaries of the China Inland Mission: With a Record of the Perils & Sufferings of Some Who Escaped. London: Morgan & Scott; China Inland Mission, 1901.

de Bary, Wm. Theodore, and Richard Lufrano, comps. Sources of Chinese Tradition. 2nd ed. Vol. 2, From 1600 Through the Twentieth Century. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.

Edwards, E. H. Fire and Sword in Shansi: The Story of the Martyrdom of Foreigners and Chinese Christians. New ed., with additional chapter. Edinburgh: Oliphant Anderson & Ferrier, 1907.

Forsyth, Robert Coventry, comp. and ed. The China Martyrs of 1900: A Complete Roll of the Christian Heroes Martyred in China in 1900, with Narratives of Survivors. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1904. The volume prints no date; 1904 is the cataloguers’, borne out by the text’s own “even now (1904)” at p. 492.

Hart, Robert. “These from the Land of Sinim”: Essays on the Chinese Question. London: Chapman & Hall, 1901; second impression, with “China, Reform, and the Powers,” 1903.

Kent, Percy Horace. Railway Enterprise in China: An Account of Its Origin and Development. London: Edward Arnold, 1907.

Ketler, Isaac C. The Tragedy of Paotingfu. 2nd ed. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1902.

Li Hongzhang (李鴻章). 李文忠公全集 (Lǐ Wénzhōng gōng quánjí, “The Complete Works of Li Wenzhong”). Edited by Wu Rulun (吳汝綸). Shanghai: Commercial Press (商務印書館), 1921. A facsimile of the Nanjing (金陵) woodblock edition.

Lynch, George. The War of the Civilisations: Being the Record of a “Foreign Devil’s” Experiences with the Allies in China. London: Longmans, Green, 1901.

MacGillivray, Donald. “The Chinese Martyrs.” Letter to the editor. The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal 38, no. 11 (November 1907): 611.

Martin, W. A. P. The Siege in Peking: China Against the World. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1900.

Mateer, Ada Haven. Siege Days: Personal Experiences of American Women and Children During the Peking Siege. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1903. Consulted in the Chinese Materials Center facsimile (San Francisco, 1976; Reprint Series no. 44), which keeps the 1903 pagination.

Miner, Luella. China’s Book of Martyrs: A Record of Heroic Martyrdoms and Marvelous Deliverances of Chinese Christians During the Summer of 1900. Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1903.

Obst, Adolf, and Reinhold Breßler. “Die Sühne des Gesandtenmordes in Peking” (“The Atonement for the Envoy’s Murder in Peking”). Halftone press photograph of the execution of En Hai, Beijing, December 31, 1900. Loose plate headed “Seite 400 / Nummer 9,” from a German illustrated weekly of 1901, almost certainly Die Woche (Berlin: August Scherl); not confirmed against a run of the volume. Wikimedia Commons, “1900-12-31 Adolf Obst und Reinhold Breßler Fotodruck.jpg,” scanned from a bookseller’s listing.

Palace Museum, Ming–Qing Archives Department (故宮博物院明清檔案部), ed. 義和團檔案史料 (Yìhétuán dàng’àn shǐliào, “Archival Materials on the Boxers”). 2 vols. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company (中華書局), 1959.

Porter, Henry Dwight. William Scott Ament: Missionary of the American Board to China. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1911.

Smirnoff, Eugene. A Short Account of the Historical Development and Present Position of Russian Orthodox Missions. London: Rivingtons, 1903.

Smith, Arthur H. China in Convulsion. 2 vols. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1901.

Speer, Robert E. A Memorial of Horace Tracy Pitkin. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1903.

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Tertullian. Apologeticus. c. 197 AD.

Twain, Mark. “To My Missionary Critics.” North American Review 172, no. 533 (April 1901): 520–534.

Twain, Mark. “To the Person Sitting in Darkness.” North American Review 172, no. 531 (February 1901): 161–176.

U.S. Department of State. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1901, Appendix: Affairs in China. Report of William W. Rockhill, Late Commissioner to China, with Accompanying Documents. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1902. Document 113 (Rockhill to Hay, No. 88, Peking, May 16, 1901, enclosing an eyewitness account of Yuxian’s execution at Lanzhou, February 22, 1901).

U.S. Department of State. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1900. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1902. Document 219 (Conger to Hay, No. 451, Peking, November 16, 1900: the allied court of inquiry at Paotingfu, Waldersee’s approval of the sentences, and the executions of November 6).

U.S. Department of State. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1901. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1902. Document 98 (Conger to Hay, Peking, November 7, 1901, reporting the death of Li Hongzhang that morning).

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Bickers, Robert, and R. G. Tiedemann, eds. The Boxers, China, and the World. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007.

Broomhall, Marshall. The Jubilee Story of the China Inland Mission. London: Morgan & Scott; China Inland Mission, 1915.

Chapman, Nancy E., with Jessica C. Plumb. The Yale-China Association: A Centennial History. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2001.

Cohen, Paul A. History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.

Davies, Gloria. “Liang Qichao in Australia: A Sojourn of No Significance?” East Asian History 21 (June 2001): 65–111. Consulted in the reprint, with minor revisions, in China Heritage Quarterly, no. 27 (September 2011), whose head-note gives the pages; Monash University’s repository gives 65–110.

Deng Yang (邓阳). “走向’三自’之路——赵紫宸与燕京宗教学院的最后岁月（1948—1953）” (“The Road to ‘Three-Self’: Zhao Zichen and the Last Years of the Yenching School of Religion, 1948–1953”). In 集体化时代的中国：日中共同研究 (Jítǐhuà shídài de Zhōngguó: Rì-Zhōng gòngtóng yánjiū, “China in the Age of Collectivization: A Japanese-Chinese Joint Study”), edited by the Contemporary China Research Group, Transnational Asia Research Division, Tōyō Bunko (東洋文庫超域アジア研究部門現代中国研究班), 453–476. Tōyō Bunko Ronsō (東洋文庫論叢) 84. Tokyo: Tōyō Bunko, 2021.

Emerson, Everett. Mark Twain: A Literary Life. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000.

Esherick, Joseph W. The Origins of the Boxer Uprising. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.

Fleming, Peter. The Siege at Peking. London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1959. Reissued with an introduction by David Bonavia, Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1986.

Hevia, James L. English Lessons: The Pedagogy of Imperialism in Nineteenth-Century China. Durham: Duke University Press, 2003.

Inouye, Melissa Wei-Tsing. China and the True Jesus: Charisma and Organization in a Chinese Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019. Copyright page not seen: the publisher’s catalogue and its Crossref deposit date the book January–February 2019, though two journal reviews cite it as 2018.

Inouye, Melissa Wei-Tsing. “Speaking in the Devil’s Tongue? The True Jesus Church’s Uneasy Rhetorical Accommodation to Maoism, 1948–1958.” Modern China 44, no. 6 (November 2018): 652–682. Copy consulted: the author’s accepted manuscript, University of Auckland ResearchSpace, whose pagination differs from the journal’s.

Klein, Thoralf. “Global Rumours: The Press, Telegraphy and the Boxer War in China, Summer 1900.” Past & Present, no. 270 (February 2026): 185–222. doi:10.1093/pastj/gtae047.

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Miyazaki Ichisada (宮崎市定). China’s Examination Hell: The Civil Service Examinations of Imperial China. Translated by Conrad Schirokauer. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981. First published New York and Tokyo: John Weatherhill, 1976.

Shang Xiaoming (尚小明). “庚子粤督李鸿章’不奉诏’考辨——兼论东南互保之奠局” (“Li Hongzhang, Viceroy at Canton, and His ‘Refusal of the Edict’ in 1900: With a Note on How the Southeast Mutual Protection Was Laid”). 社会科学研究 (Shehui kexue yanjiu, Social Science Research), no. 2 (2022): 149–160.

Thompson, Larry Clinton. William Scott Ament and the Boxer Rebellion: Heroism, Hubris and the “Ideal Missionary.” Jefferson: McFarland, 2009.

Thompson, Roger R. “Reporting the Taiyuan Massacre: Culture and Politics in the China War of 1900.” In The Boxers, China, and the World, edited by Robert Bickers and R. G. Tiedemann, 65–92. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007.

Tiedemann, R. G. Reference Guide to Christian Missionary Societies in China: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2009.

Wickeri, Philip L. Seeking the Common Ground: Protestant Christianity, the Three-Self Movement, and China’s United Front. Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 1988.

Xiang Lanxin (相蓝欣). The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study. London: Routledge, 2003.

Zhang Shouchang (张守常). “说《神助拳，义和团》揭帖” (“On the ‘Gods Aid the Fists, the Militia United in Righteousness’ Placard”). 历史研究 (Lishi yanjiu, Historical Research), no. 3 (1997): 124–135.

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“Meet Peace Envoys To-Day: Ministers Will Present the Demands on China.” The Sun (New York), December 24, 1900, p. 1.

Xinhua (新华社). “民族意识觉醒——义和团反帝爱国运动” (“National Consciousness Awakening: The Boxer Anti-Imperialist Patriotic Movement”). November 13, 2018. Republished by CPC News. http://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2018/1113/c421684-30398580.html.

Online and Reference Sources

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National Museum of the Marine Corps. “Smedley Butler – Expeditionary Force Marine.” Two-page exhibit sheet (PDF). Accessed September 24, 2026. https://www.usmcmuseum.com/uploads/6/0/3/6/60364049/smedley_butler.pdf.

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Chapter 10: Mao’s Farewell

Primary Sources

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Ferris, Helen (chief contributor). The Christian Church in Communist China to 1952. Research Memorandum No. 45; “Studies in Chinese Communism,” Series II, no. 5. Lackland AFB, TX: Air Force Personnel and Training Research Center, January 1956. Originally hectographed August 15, 1952.

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Mao Zedong (毛泽东). “別了，司徒雷登” (“Farewell, Leighton Stuart!”). Xinhua commentary, August 18, 1949; Renmin ribao, August 19, 1949, p. 1. In Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung, vol. IV, 433–440. Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1961.

Mao Zedong (毛泽东). “On the People’s Democratic Dictatorship” (论人民民主专政). Dated June 30, 1949; Renmin ribao, July 1, 1949. In Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung, vol. IV. Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1961.

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Nevius, John Livingston. The Planting and Development of Missionary Churches. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company, 1958.

Nevius, John Livingston. 네비우스 선교 방법: 선교 교회의 설립과 발달 (Nebiuseu seongyo bangbeop: seongyo gyohoeui seollipgwa baldal, “The Nevius Mission Method: The Planting and Development of Missionary Churches”). Translated by Kim Nam-sik (김남식). Seoul: Seonggwang Munhwasa (성광문화사), 1981.

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Rea, Kenneth W., and John C. Brewer, eds. 被遗忘的大使：司徒雷登驻华报告，1946—1949 (Bèi yíwàng de dàshǐ: Sītú Léidēng zhù Huá bàogào, “The Forgotten Ambassador”). Translated by You Cun (尤存) and Niu Jun (牛军). Nanjing: Jiangsu People’s Press (江苏人民出版社), 1990 (内部发行).

Stuart, John Leighton. Fifty Years in China: The Memoirs of John Leighton Stuart, Missionary and Ambassador. New York: Random House, 1954.

Stuart, John Leighton. 司徒雷登日记——美国调停国共争持期间前后 (Sītú Léidēng rìjì: Měiguó tiáotíng Guó-Gòng zhēngchí qījiān qiánhòu, “The Diary of John Leighton Stuart: Around the American Mediation in the Nationalist-Communist Struggle”). Translated by Chen Lisong (陈礼颂); proofread by Fu Jingbo (傅泾波). Washington: Fugh family, 1982; reissued Hefei: Huangshan Publishing House (黄山书社), 2009.

U.S. Department of State. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949. Vol. VIII, The Far East: China. Edited by Francis C. Prescott, Ralph R. Goodwin, Herbert A. Fine, and Velma Hastings Cassidy. Washington: GPO, 1978. Docs. 556, 885, 890, 899, 911, 913, 914, 916, 929, numbered as in the Office of the Historian’s online edition.

Van Slyke, Lyman P., ed. The China White Paper: August 1949. 2 vols. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1967. Reissue of U.S. Department of State, United States Relations with China, with Special Reference to the Period 1944–1949, Publication 3573, Far Eastern Series 30. Washington: GPO, 1949. Letter of Transmittal (Acheson to Truman, July 30, 1949), pp. iii–xvii.

Wen Yiduo (闻一多). “最后一次的讲演” (“The Last Speech”). Address at the memorial meeting for Li Gongpu, Yunnan University, Kunming, July 15, 1946. In 闻一多全集 (Wén Yīduō quánjí, “Complete Works of Wen Yiduo”), vol. 2, 文艺评论·散文杂文, arranged by Tang Dahui (唐达晖), 448–451. Wuhan: Hubei renmin chubanshe, 1993.

Yuwen: Banianji xiace (义务教育教科书·语文·八年级下册; Chinese Language: Grade 8, Second Volume). Compiled by the Ministry of Education of the PRC. Revised edition. Beijing: People’s Education Press (人民教育出版社), 2024. Lesson 13, Wen Yiduo (闻一多), “最后一次讲演” (“The Last Speech”), pp. 85–88.

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Deng Yang (邓阳). “走向’三自’之路——赵紫宸与燕京宗教学院的最后岁月（1948—1953）” (“The Road to ‘Three-Self’: Zhao Zichen and the Last Years of the Yenching School of Religion, 1948–1953”). In 集体化时代的中国：日中共同研究 (Jítǐhuà shídài de Zhōngguó: Rì-Zhōng gòngtóng yánjiū, “China in the Age of Collectivization: A Japanese-Chinese Joint Study”), edited by the Contemporary China Research Group, Transnational Asia Research Division, Tōyō Bunko (東洋文庫超域アジア研究部門現代中国研究班), 453–476. Tōyō Bunko Ronsō (東洋文庫論叢) 84. Tokyo: Tōyō Bunko, 2021.

Erskine, Kristopher C. “Frank W. Price, 1895–1974: The Role of an American Missionary in Sino-U.S. Relations.” PhD thesis, University of Hong Kong, 2013. https://hub.hku.hk/handle/10722/206668.

Fairbank, John K., ed. The Missionary Enterprise in China and America. Harvard Studies in American-East Asian Relations 6. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974.

Harrison, Stephen. “Communism and Christianity: Missionaries and the Communist Seizure of Power in China.” PhD diss., Vanderbilt University, 2013.

Hunt, Michael H. The Making of a Special Relationship: The United States and China to 1914. New York: Columbia University Press, 1983.

Lacy, Creighton. “The Missionary Exodus from China.” Pacific Affairs 28, no. 4 (December 1955): 301–314. doi:10.2307/3035315.

Liu Yawei (刘亚伟). “别不了的司徒雷登” (“A John Leighton Stuart to Whom We Can’t Say Farewell”). Written December 2008; published in 中美印象 (Zhong-Mei yinxiang, US-China Perception Monitor), June 8, 2022. Consulted in the Chinese text as reprinted with David Cowhig’s translation, 高大伟 David Cowhig’s Translation Blog, June 28, 2022.

Qi Hui (戚慧). “闻一多作品入选中学语文教材历时性研究” (“A Diachronic Study of Wen Yiduo’s Works’ Selection into Secondary-School Chinese Textbooks”). 语文建设 (Yuwen jianshe, Language Planning), no. 4 (2017). Consulted in the summary in 闻一多研究动态 (Wen Yiduo yanjiu dongtai, Wen Yiduo Research Trends), no. 132 (April 2018).

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West, Philip. Yenching University and Sino-Western Relations, 1916–1952. Harvard East Asian Series 85. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976.

Wickeri, Philip L. Seeking the Common Ground: Protestant Christianity, the Three-Self Movement, and China’s United Front. Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 1988.

Yang Kuisong (楊奎松). “燕大輓歌——1948-1952年一所美國教會大學的「新生」與幻滅” (“Elegy for Yenching University: The ‘Rebirth’ and Disillusionment of an American Missionary University, 1948–1952”). 中央研究院近代史研究所集刊 (Zhongyang Yanjiuyuan Jindaishi Yanjiusuo jikan, Bulletin of the Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica), no. 115 (March 2022): 113–160.

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Periodicals

Barboza, David. “John Leighton Stuart, China Expert, Is Buried There at Last.” New York Times, November 19, 2008. Copy consulted: the NY Times News Service reprint, “Return of the Missionary: Ambassador’s Ashed [sic] Buried in China,” Taipei Times, November 25, 2008.

Camp, Bea. “An Ambassador Returns to China.” Foreign Service Journal 94, no. 9 (November 2017): 85.

China Radio International. “US Diplomat’s Ashes Back Home in China.” china.org.cn, November 18, 2008. Relays an Associated Press report of the November 17 interment.

Hao Ping (郝平). “魂归故里：司徒雷登骨灰安葬杭州的前前后后” (“The Soul Returns Home: Before and After the Burial of Leighton Stuart’s Ashes in Hangzhou”). 中华读书报 (Zhonghua dushu bao, China Reading Weekly), December 12, 2008. Consulted in the reprint appended to David Cowhig’s translation of Liu Yawei (2008).

Kaung, Z. T. (江長川). “我控訴基督教敗類陳文淵” (“I Accuse Chen Wenyuan, Scum of Christianity”). 人民日報 (Renmin ribao, People’s Daily), April 25, 1951.

Meng Zhaogeng (孟昭庚). “司徒雷登的凄凉晚景” (“The Desolate Last Years of John Leighton Stuart”). 人民文摘 (Renmin wenzhai, People’s Digest), no. 8 (2010).

New York Times. “J. Leighton Stuart, Dead at 86; Ambassador to China, 1946–49” (obituary, UPI). September 20, 1962, p. 33. Read on the page in TimesMachine, timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1962/09/20/90187293.html.

Pan Xiaoling (潘晓凌), Xue Tian (薛田), and Chen Chen (陈晨). “教材编选者揭教科书删改内幕” (“The Textbook Editors Reveal the Inside Story of the Cuts”). 南方周末 (Nanfang zhoumo, Southern Weekly), June 25, 2009. Consulted in the Sina News republication.

Qianjiang wanbao (钱江晚报; Qianjiang Evening News). “美国前驻华大使司徒雷登骨灰安放杭州” (“Ashes of Former U.S. Ambassador Leighton Stuart Laid to Rest in Hangzhou”). November 18, 2008. Consulted as relayed by CCTV.com.

Shanghai News. June 14, 1951. Cited in Erskine (2013).

Time. “Foreign Relations: So Happy.” July 22, 1946, p. 18.

Wang Wei (汪伟). “司徒雷登’回来了’　晚年生活靠600美元退休金” (“Leighton Stuart ‘Has Come Back’: His Last Years on a $600 Pension”). 中国新闻网 (Zhongguo xinwen wang, China News Service), December 9, 2008. Originally in 新民周刊 (Xinmin zhoukan, Xinmin Weekly).

Zhang Yu. “China-born US Diplomat Recognized Decades after Chairman Mao Labeled Him an Imperialist.” Global Times via People’s Daily Online (English), September 28, 2016.

Online and Reference Sources

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Yi Guiming (易桂鸣). “老校长司徒雷登，一波三折的魂兮归来” (“The Old President Leighton Stuart: A Homecoming Thrice Delayed”). 澎湃新闻 (Pengpai xinwen, The Paper), n.d.

Yuhuatai Martyrs Cemetery Administration (雨花台烈士陵园管理局), Nanjing. “这只花瓶，见证中美外交历史” (“This Vase Bore Witness to Sino-American Diplomatic History”). July 29, 2021. yht.nanjing.gov.cn.

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